Fig. 3

The effect of DMF treatment on CUS-induced learning and memory deficits. A, B Graphics for the object location and novel object recognition tests are shown. C Male animals displayed no group differences in the object location test. D In male rats, CUS induced deficits in the novel object recognition test that were rescued by DMF treatment. E In female rats, deficits in the object location test were observed with CUS exposure and these were alleviated by DMF treatment. F Female rats displayed no group differences in the novel object recognition test. The data are presented as mean ± SEM of N = 9–10 animals per group. *p < 0.05 compared to vehicle and #p < 0.05 compared to CUS + vehicle. A one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey or Games-Howell post-hoc test was used for all analyses