Fig. 1

DEGs occur throughout the genomes of late-gestation mouse placentas. A Genes expressed in male and female E18.5 placentas from the autosomes (male n = 26,182, female n = 25,758) and X chromosomes (male n = 1126, female n = 1139). Genes included had read counts ˃ 0 in all samples of the relevant sex. B Differential expression analysis of autosomal (n = 28,194; left) and X chromosomal (n = 1286; right) genes in male and female placentas. Statistically significant DEGs are represented by colored dots (p < 0.05; n = 358 autosomal, n = 39 X chromosomal). Darker dots indicate genes with |log₂ fold change| values > 0.5 (n = 154 autosomal, n = 15 X chromosomal). C Expression levels (z-scores) of 358 autosomal (top) and 39 X chromosomal (bottom) DEGs. D Normalized read counts of genes with sex-specific expression. E The top five pathways associated with the autosomal (left and middle) and X chromosome (right) DEGs