Table 1 Characteristics of participants by sex, diabetes and dementia experienced or not, n (%)

Age (mean ± SD)

56.1 ± 8.0

60.1 ± 6.8

56.3 ± 8.2

60.7 ± 6.6

56.1 ± 8.0

64.7 ± 4.2

56.5 ± 8.2

64.8 ± 4.2

Race/ethnicity

 White

425,797

224,649 (52.8)

7120 (1.7)

180,917 (42.5)

13,111 (3.1)

230,356 (54.1)

1413 (0.3)

192,513 (45.2)

1515 (0.4)

 Non-White

22,118

10,832 (49.0)

1058 (4.8)

8657 (39.1)

1571 (7.1)

11,843 (53.5)

47 (0.2)

10,170 (46.0)

58 (0.3)

Education level (years)

 ≤ 10

218,555

113,764 (52.1)

4868 (2.2)

91,471 (41.9)

8452 (3.9)

117,699 (53.9)

933 (0.4)

98,928 (45.3)

995 (0.5)

 11–12

54,033

30,368 (56.2)

897 (1.7)

21,219 (39.3)

1549 (2.9)

31,113 (57.6)

152 (0.3)

22,610 (41.8)

158 (0.3)

 > 12

175,327

91,349 (52.1)

2413 (1.4)

76,884 (43.9)

4681 (2.7)

93,387 (53.3)

375 (0.2)

81,145 (46.3)

420 (0.2)

Physical activity level

 Light

100,923

53,889 (53.4)

2625 (2.6)

39,997 (39.6)

4412 (4.4)

56,195 (55.7)

319 (0.3)

44,065 (43.7)

344 (0.3)

 Moderate

179,909

98,540 (54.8)

3241 (1.8)

72,366 (40.2)

5762 (3.2)

101,174 (56.2)

607 (0.3)

77,521 (43.1)

607 (0.3)

 High

167,083

83,052 (49.7)

2312 (1.4)

77,211 (46.2)

4508 (2.7)

84,830 (50.8)

534 (0.3)

81,097 (48.5)

622 (0.4)

Income level (£)

 Less than 18,000

98,892

56,481 (57.1)

2963 (3.0)

35,018 (35.4)

4430 (4.5)

58,780 (59.4)

664 (0.7)

38,813 (39.3)

635 (0.6)

 18,000 to 30,999

109,569

59,462 (54.3)

2173 (2.0)

43,997 (40.2)

3937 (3.6)

61,234 (55.9)

401 (0.4)

47,464 (43.3)

470 (0.4)

 31,000 to 51,999

116,996

60,475 (51.7)

1664 (1.4)

51,572 (44.1)

3285 (2.8)

61,908 (52.9)

231 (0.2)

54,584 (46.7)

273 (0.2)

 Greater than 52,000

122,458

59,063 (48.2)

1378 (1.1)

58,987 (48.2)

3030 (2.5)

60,277 (49.2)

164 (0.1)

61,822 (50.5)

195 (0.2)

No. of leisure activities

 No

125,740

65,661 (52.2)

2894 (2.3)

52,336 (41.6)

4849 (3.9)

68,101 (54.2)

454 (0.4)

56,693 (45.1)

492 (0.4)

 One

195,153

100,096 (51.3)

3305 (1.7)

85,159 (43.6)

6593 (3.4)

102,748 (52.7)

653 (0.3)

91,008 (46.6)

744 (0.4)

 Two or more

127,022

69,724 (54.9)

1979 (1.6)

52,079 (41.0)

3240 (2.6)

71,350 (56.2)

353 (0.3)

54,982 (43.3)

337 (0.3)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

 Underweight < 18.5

2370

1883 (79.5)

12 (0.5)

463 (19.5)

12 (0.5)

1880 (79.3)

15 (0.6)

465 (19.6)

10 (0.4)

 Normal [18.5,25.0)

151,122

97,566 (64.6)

865 (0.6)

51,316 (34.0)

1375 (0.9)

97,893 (64.8)

538 (0.4)

52,292 (34.6)

399 (0.3)

 Overweight [25.0,30.0)

192,157

87,524 (45.6)

2284 (1.2)

96,754 (50.4)

5595 (2.9)

89,249 (46.5)

559 (0.3)

101,630 (52.9)

719 (0.4)

 Obese ≥ 30

102,266

48,508 (47.4)

5017 (4.9)

41,041 (40.1)

7700 (7.5)

53,177 (52.0)

348 (0.3)

48,296 (47.2)

445 (0.4)

Smoking status

 Never

247,137

140,985 (57.1)

4650 (1.9)

95,912 (38.8)

5590 (2.3)

144,836 (58.6)

799 (0.3)

100,883 (40.8)

619 (0.3)

 Past

155,348

74,257 (47.8)

2823 (1.8)

70,918 (45.7)

7350 (4.7)

76,539 (49.3)

541 (0.4)

77,477 (49.9)

791 (0.5)

 Current

45,430

20,239 (44.6)

705 (1.6)

22,744 (50.1)

1742 (3.8)

20,824 (45.8)

120 (0.3)

24,323 (53.5)

163 (0.4)

Hypertension status

 No

327,576

182,082 (55.6)

2558 (0.8)

137,733 (42.1)

5203 (1.6)

183,800 (56.1)

840 (0.3)

142,095 (43.4)

841 (0.3)

 Yes

120,339

53,399 (44.4)

5620 (4.7)

51,841 (43.1)

9479 (7.9)

58,399 (48.5)

620 (0.5)

60,588 (50.4)

732 (0.6)

APOE

 No APOE4

339,485

177,856 (52.4)

6317 (1.9)

143,782 (42.4)

11,530 (3.4)

183,494 (54.1)

679 (0.2)

154,464 (45.5)

848 (0.3)

 One APOE4

99,358

52,835 (53.2)

1716 (1.7)

41,914 (42.2)

2893 (2.9)

53,951 (54.3)

600 (0.6)

44,244 (44.5)

563 (0.6)

 Two APOE4

9072

4790 (52.8)

145 (1.6)

3878 (42.8)

259 (2.9)

4754 (52.4)

181 (2.0)

3975 (43.8)

162 (1.8)